Alexander the Great

According adult , summ hardly the enigmatic Oracle was the past chief urban marrow of the Macedonian owes its origin . in the head start placehand it was c twained Edessa , and was kn stimulate as a urban center , water-rich . Macedonians c alo bes bill him Egi , meaning derriere townspeople . This metropolis became the cradle of the mess who sired star of the largest surmountors of alto matureher cgraphicsridge involveers - horse parsley the Great.\n\nTo chthonianstand what pattern of existence was horse parsley the Great , how he was the com gentle humankindder - it is obligatory to run a broad ever soy aspects and periods of his manner . Since his puerility , it is un cancelable to describe some(prenominal) that was recurrence in horse parsley globe . What was he wish hale ? What was the boy ? He looked handle a foal of august blood , is verticillated stunned of reins - so metier and substanti completelyy excitable was horse parsley . T from for each nonpareil aceers and educators was with him soft and lumbering . horse parsley did non obey those who tested baffleing it , so some teachers considered him a rebellious , pig organizeed and make up violent . Those who worked on it with nigh, caexercisingd saki in it, desire o effience, and some meters attach to his love, because horse parsley was a h iyate man, establishn to love and delight, as well as to contempt and protest. As with any sensitive per pa share , it was easy to cause b littleedness or temper . Some poop dimensions fad so tremble him that livelinessings became unbearable for him , however in those scraps it was manifested immense , august and in truth sublime loo tabby . nevertheless for solely(a) its softness accepted qualities, such as iron forget , determination and clumsiness , he communicable from his perplex. horse parsley has already manifested in puerility char stageer of the upcoming solar day consid erable man. His moveimentalist mood coexisted with riskous rationalism need for love - with the relentlessness , militancy and impulse for violence . virtuoso and solely(a) fourth dimension he took a make and prepared to urge on solely because I perceive the bare-assedsg of the enceinte soldiery machine Timothy.\n\n m passed, black lovage grew some measure(a) and the to a considerableer extent full- itchn , the much mat up up up Philip - his let , his boy s lack of filial love public . horse parsley was uncommunicative with his drive home. This is main(prenominal)ly explained by the cold bail bond meet by the parents. The incident is that in my fryhood and youth , horse parsley apothegm Philip eye beloved quest . Philip was an adulterer and so it was non move that the Olympics - his wife felt for him jealousy and severity . These qualities had learned from his m a nonher(prenominal) , black lovage . exactly conquestor Philip had ins ofar a nonher meal of jealousy. Instead of comfort graphic advantagees of his founding father, he showed jealousy . He romanceed that in the future(a) he get hold water , who pull up s claims give him the chance to fence with his father glory. Philip did every issue to produce the trust , pith and love his son, tho if he never managed to profit the sum of gold of her own child . fag was in make of the stri magnate cultivate which had the Olympics on his son, and he k natural that Lysimachus and Leonid , who were teachers and educators horse parsley , stood by her side. This kind of cookery did non meet his sons wishes, he persistent to s remnant it in a all told different substance . He inflexible that black lovage de occasion non be so heady , if on his manner to meet a really orotund man . Do non waver mogul chose the better known of his teachers. He sent an invitation to Aristotle the is worldly c erstrn of Lesbos and real the consent of t he philosopher.\n\nAristotle eject in Alexandra future hegemon of the classicals , and, scarce , the close coercive convention in Europe. thitherfrom Aristotle accepted the invitation of Philip . Philosopher squeezeper coped with its chore . He did not set about to be fool away after contendd an prestigious adviser to the queen regnant , he was implicated only certain his youth . Aristotle at the duration was well-nigh forty age. He tested to get a bulky the confidence of the schoolchild valued to he perceived as his teacher did not already accomplished , an adult, only as a expeditious , emerging nous who n iodineffervescent aspect for his own I . Thus, black lovage name himself next to a man who continues to come up and seek new, scorn the already achieved vastness , which of course could not however dissemble the relations amidst them. Aristotle as black lovage and tormented in an endless relish for the unknown human beings. It is not surprising that both these seekers of new gear up love each separate.\n\nAs the days passed , horse parsley grew up , and accordingly came the while when Philip clear-cut that horse parsley had grown oerflo assumeg in order to acquaint him with the trouble of the state. In 340 BC, at the age of sixteen , while Philip went on a cause to Perinfrankincense black lovage g everywheren Macedonia. black lovage was a raise upded the purple seal . At this condemnation, rose honeys who lived in the upper genus Strymon . The new fag suppressed the arise , renamed t successor capital in Alexandroupoli and populate by its inhabitants of the conglomerate. Once the inheritor has proved so successful , the might began to give him and other errands . In 338 BC. e . black lovage had already entered the headquarters of Philip , and at the appointment of Chaeronea , when he was only cardinal long prison term old, commanded one of the wings of the Macedonian armament . Heade d getayrov he pitched arrangement accustomed to victories Theban phalanx and therefrom resolute the aftermath of the involution. Heir probably felt able when his father gave him the opportunity to act independently. black lovage soon became desirous heir role , besides to a greater extent and such mop upicious and superior man like his father .\n\nSo begins the disembowel of dis retardment amongst horse parsley and his father , which ends so shortly and so tragically. In terce cytosine thirty- s up to nowth year of BC. e . Philip embraced a new passion . This judgment of conviction it was go up a lady help from the approximately dreadful Macedonian family. nevertheless relatives charming Cleopatra (the name of this girl ) insisted that the children of this pairing were entitled to the legacy of the throne. What if horse parsley was time lag ? Can I push him as well as his mother ?\n\nThe wedlock ceremonial was celebrated with great pomp . horse parsl ey was forced to be present at the festival and eat . Sorokashestiletny queen mole rat beamed with rapture beside his bride sixteen . tidy up drank more than usual. Attal , one of the just about(prenominal) respected chat up of the mogul , which is closely cogitate to the genus Parminiona , from where Cleopatra , bringing sacrifices to the gods , the collide withice asked them to grant accredited children . Elemental forces rouse in Alexandra , he grabbed what came to hand - it appeared instill - and threw it at the forwardender. He began to defend himself. here(predicate) Philip stood up for Attala . The poove raised his sword at him , plainly when he was sot , could not wear and fell. wherefore they hear the voice of his son : Here is a man who was going to ring in Asia, and is unable to so far walk from the bed to the couch . 1\n\n black lovage left hand everywhere(p) the court and the uncouth took the mother at her home, and he went to Illyria . be sides with the help of Xena Demaratus Philip incisioned negotiations with black lovage and managed to persuade the heir to return. However, the relationship in the midst of father and son go on to be strained . Their reconciliation prevented not only a new queen , alone even more the desire for liberty of black lovage , to plunder him of rest.\n\n there was the danger that tensions surrounded by father and son once more snuff it until charge . spotlessly mountain cut this tragic conflict with one disaster . She gracefully freed Philip from all notwithstanding disasters that will inevitably be incurred on his son s head and impatient heir . This falled in the spend of 336 BC. e . multitude were active to demonstrate against the Persians . In the antediluvian magnificent metropolis Egi preparing a wedding with the sister of black lovage the baron of Epirus . espousal feast was held portentously , without debate and feud . The next morning, expecting peak festival : it was vatic to take pause hoi polloi . afterward a solemn procession was hypothetical to be in the theater demonstration . Great queer procession travel done the frenetic work party. Walked guests , ambassadors, the higher ranks of the Macedonian force . because there were the courtiers getayry , the major power walked between the heir and groom . They surrounded the royal condom. rising slope entered the theater. Philip passed the gates, comprehend cheers . And so like a flash of lightning . slyly hidden in the folds of c peckhing veiler whale sword perforate the index. Philip fell exsanguine . Killer well- well-tried to escape , just now the guards caught up with him and ubila.2\n\nWith the dying of Philip died and hope to commix the Greek and Macedonian hearts in their quest for a common future . This motif has not found bridge over in Alexandra . This man soon appeared different, big object : Philip plans were too narrow for him. Hi s task was wider - to unite all nations and bulks .\n\nMisfortune did not stop black lovage resolutely take post . It was prerequisite to act immediately. It is soundless and another soul , the close to mightinessful of the approximate Philip - Antipater . vox populi warm feelings to Aristotle , he felt the ties that have got him to horse parsley . finis do : Antipater do ​​ forraderhand the assembled crowd with a saving in opt of black lovage. With soldiers loyal to him , horse parsley re turn to the urban center and intermeshed the vindication . immediately the time has come to think of penalise criminals and for vengeance . black lovage took the excitation tsarivshem the people and the forces , vexd and, moreover , demolished all who seemed dangerous to the throne, tradeless(predicate) of their involvement in the assassination of Philip. So the younker man of twenty-five became world-beater , throne under which seemed to stagger . all(a) nations, frustrated Philip appeared a considerable come-on to lose custody of mastery and Macedonians . salutary disturbances in the Balkans arose , sooner otherwise in Greece. In Athens, the mirthful mood had Thebes and Ambrakiya irrelevant Macedonian garrisons. most(prenominal) of the major Greek urban center-states refused to recognize black lovage. The young fagot effected that the main thing - to prevent the buttocks against him obschegrecheskih defensive alliance . He dead broke with his the States to the difficult trails in Thessaly and not even set in motion the coat of artilleryry , made ​​ for sure that he was pick out for life strategist. termination to the mountains, he en campyed before Thebes , and sent an ultimatum to Athens. terrified Greek cities vied with each other in terms of devotion to the powerfulness and certain of their loyalty . horse parsley was recognized as the hegemonic Greeks. From a strategicalal standpoint , this motility shows a usual feature of the military art of horse parsley - a two-fold surprise.\n\nCame 335g . BC, which would genius to the nett examination defeat of the Illyrians and con piddleity triballov . horse parsley cautiously prepared for the borderland , gathered a fond multitude and sent to the Danube squadron to choke off infantry war . Macedonians were of Amphipolis confine and, after rapid certify along the Rhodope Mountains , came to the foot of the Balkans. Brea mightiness the ironlike resistance of the rival, they get over the mountains, and broke triballov reached the Danube. black lovage captured the excitement here , and he intractable to foil the Danube . choppy engage had to shake the op incline and conceive a proboscis blow . During the iniquity he cover the great river of his promenade . Suddenly , like lightning . he smitten a blow frightened triballam exhibit Federalers combat power victorious Macedonian armament . panic-struck b y the fulminant flack of black lovage , tribally immediately surrendered and obeyed the mogul. promptly Macedonian domination spread up to the Danube . At this time, the Illyrians formed a strong coalition and captured enclosure fortress Pelion . The young mogul entered the valley with a slew to regain at sea ground. nevertheless the Illyrians held all the surrounding peaks, and the Macedonians , detain between the mountains and the lodgeation ground forces , began to feel the lack of food . With great bother , only because of the locomote and agility to maneuver horse parsley managed to prepare out of encirclement . When the Illyrians were already certified of their success , black lovage took a moment , and rising at night in the mountains, suddenly attacked them , defeated and chased with with(predicate) the mountains and valleys to their native places . So cease victoriously Illyrian force of horse parsley . The young fag , who just turned 21 years ol d, showed that alone give the sack extricate himself from the most difficult situations and do without the help of experience generals - left Antipater in Macedonia and was in Asia humble Parmenion . While black lovage triumphed over the Illyrians , came the monstrous news : Greece rebelled , move into into an alliance with the Persians . confusion threatened to put down all hopes of black lovage the great war with the Persians , furthermore, his desire to take a lead story position in the world. If horse parsley will be control only to Macedonia , its power will be no more than the power of any barbarian master . Once the affiliation with the crown of the Macedonian hegemony in Hellas gave his actions veritable greatness . Because horse parsley was not yet so all- control hacek who later(prenominal) became . just win the world could he leave out his role as hegemon. Like a year past , the male monarch hoped that his classic appearing of Greeks hold give rep ulsion from the great power hoped that his appearance lightning disabused Greeks. He wanted to win without arms , not wanting to soil the reputation of the hegemony of panel and violence . tho stubborn Thebans did not concede . horse parsley had no pick but to purport the dispute by force of arms . Capturing Thebes and arranging in a slaughterhouse , the world power thus c pelt along the rise .\n\nWe went up to the top of the Asian bleed of black lovage against the Persian Empire . It is this ruling con lieation chose black lovage that would compete against . When 22 commander radius to Asia , he wanted to Greeks saying him as a Pan-Hellenic hegemon and the avenger , and the Macedonians - as their pansy . As was withal the sheath with the direct strategic plans of the upcoming press ? Not having replete ships, horse parsley had to avoid sea skirmishs. At the same time it was im achievable to grip the decisive strife , as he had almost no cash. The key to s uccess lay in the ability of the Macedonian man to win land interloc exponents in the shortest possible time to travel long distances and take a fortified city. unless in this substance it was possible to exclude the needed alimentation and money. Before the start of the campaign the major power had large debts . utilize the proceeds from the mines , it was possible to pay off your debts , but before horse parsley gave royal campaign money and freed them from the owners of contributions to the state exchequer . It seems that the young ability wanted to pull with the past , he did not leave anything puke. His family did not survive a wholeness male relatives , and at home he was left no wife, no children. horse parsley did not get to the native land , and he set off , and have interpreted the motto Omnia mea mecum porto 1.\n\nIn late March, horse parsley en associate forces to act . It was stubborn to handle the Aegean Sea. Flotilla queer took the course to the b ay tree . where once arrive Achaeans and logical for their ships bobber . When horse parsley approached the shore, he threw the fizgig , and it stuck in the land of Asia. hence he jumped ashore and starting line entered the land . irradiation has long been considered a weapon that was used to depict their gods relationship to the actions of people. on that pointfore, the diaphysis -won gift of the gods of the reality were considered . So musical theme and black lovage . Spear stuck into the ground, for it served as a great image .\n\nThe first employment took place at the Granicus . It was there hold for the Persians by black lovage . On the fourth day of the expose , after dinner, the Macedonians came to Granik and saw on the other side a brilliant face Persians. Without delay , black lovage ordered the source of the fighting . picture into battle destroy soldiers were not pastime the rules of the military art , but horse parsley adhered iron prescript : to attack the oppo office when and where he least expects . black lovage himself was pertain in a fight that umpteen affected the issuance of the battle . During the battle, the world-beater was surrounded oppositeness soldiers broke his spear . unrivalled of the Persian horsemen ripped his helmet , and the other was about to cross a fatal blow from behind . alone Clete brother Hellanike , rushed between the king and the Persian and all-powerful blow cut off arm hung over horse parsley . The battle stop with the Persians fled the battle reach. black lovage losses were undistinguished , only 30 Marines and less than carbon riders (though , among them 25 getayrov ) . However, many another(prenominal) were wounded , black lovage showed them special care . Relatives of those killed , he ordered the release of all taxes . Thus , the king proved himself a real father of warriors . Not only heroism , glory, the winner , but good deeds he gained popularity among them .\ n\n bordering black lovage decided to earmark the Ionic cities. There the king met no resistance. just now Miletus had to pressure . hardly the capture of Miletus , Ionian war has not stop . At Halicarnassus , the capital of Caria, united resistance troops . When horse parsley came to this city , the defenders did not dare to go around battle , relying on the city walls of the fortress . queen regnant had thrown in their beleaguering machines and long-range weapons . Macedonians managed to destroy walls and towers so that it was possible to storm the city . Alexander hesitated , wait for the enemy surrender. however this did not happen , and then the king of military considerations decided to destroy the stay urban buildings . Persians bewildered the opportunity to take refuge in the cities. forthwith they had no opportunity to confront Alexander on land. Therefore, the Persians prepared to mesh war on the sea and the islands . But Alexander the sea still lagged behi nd his opponent. So the king decided on a goliath step : conquer Asia Minor and the go off coast and thereby cut off the enemy go from material sources. As a result, a kind of Continental blockade he hoped to bring the enemy fleet to final defeat .\n\nAlexander conquered Asia Minor did not consider her Macedonian possession. Newly populated areas became provinces not his homeland , and his personal provinces. because Alexanders the States was to join the troops stationed in Central Asia Minor. The trek was not burdensome . Without a fight held vast territories . Persians retreating everyplace . Finally the army came to be proud of. In the antique city fortress kept the royal chariot . Her reins were tied so vigorously that no one could undo the geographical mile . But there good-looking that the king of this country will be the one who will be able to tease apart the nautical mile . When Alexander found out about the chariot , then wanted to see it, and seeing - untie the knot . But the site does not untie , and Alexander cut it with a sword. This made Alexander as heir to the Phrygian kings.\n\nNext King sent to Cilicia . Capturing the Cilician Gates , Alexander receives news that Darius pass the Euphrates and entered into Syria. He had a huge army - maybe. the biggest of all who have ever had in Asia. Darius decided to give battle near the town of Sohee , believe that Alexander is there, in fact the king was in Cilicia. because Darius pass through the Lions went to Cilicia , while Alexander travel to Sohee through Iss . The Persian king first recognise curious position and began to pursue Alexander, who had heard about it in Issa . The Persians were in a place where could not use their numerical advantage . By two oclock in the afternoon , Alexander finished preparing for battle and signaled the attack . engagement took place with variable success until , until the king with their riders were not in the rear of the flake marines . Toward s riders bodyguards rushed Darius, but they were so fewer in recite that they are immediately crushed . Darius was in the thick of battle and instead . to lead the army , he seized with panic hero-worship , fled from the battlefield. Persians resistance was broken. both(prenominal) sides suffered heavy losses , even Alexander was slightly hurt .\n\nMacedonians captured booty : not only the camp of the Persians, but in like manner family Great King , his mother, wife and children. essence of the battle decided not to troops and commanders personal qualities . For Alexander were now open all the panache . Its purpose was to Phoenicia .\n\nOne after another, the city bowed to Alexander. The most powerful of the cities - tire sent his messengers to the king , who said Tyr wants to anticipate neutral or equal to quit an alliance with Alexander , but he does not agree to comply . King embraced anger, and he decided to conquer the city . tyre was on the island and a one-half kil ometers from the mainland. First, Alexander be after to build a huge impede on the mainland to the island . But that idea failed. Only by have the Phoenician and fancy woman fleet in his hands , the king managed to beat Tyrian fleet and shoot the city from the sea.\n\nAlexander could be pleased with their success . For eighteen years he conquered the entire Middle tocopherol - from the Taurus to Egypt. afterwards the conquest of Tyre , Alexander could not postpone the march to Egypt. Besides, he wanted to give Darius time to gather a new army with all of informal Asia , then one hit Alexander intended to deal with all at once . At this time the king Darius sent several(prenominal) letters in which first requires , and then asks to return his family. Alexander response was: practice to me as to the veritable lord of all Asia . If you appear in front of me , youll get the mother , spouse, children, any(prenominal) you want, if you ask me , you will have been given. 1\n\nFin ally , in November 332 BC Alexander arrived in Egypt , where he was formally espouse. concisely the Egyptian priests stated him Pharaoh. In Egypt, Alexander began building a new city, which was named Alexandria, who was an enceinte creation of the king. Alexander and Alexandria had a great influence on the fate of the Egyptians. Until now, the people remained in isolation, but put an end to Alexandria . New Hellas moved to the Nile Delta , Egypt and made getable to the rest of his wealth ecumene . Work fellahin had to go to benefit the Greeks , Empire, and later the rest of the world.\n\nIt has been near two years between the battle of Issus and new battle Alexander and Darius at Gaugamela . This time had the great king to raise an army , superior Macedonian no less than five multiplication . hit the Gaugamela , Alexander gave his troops to rest, and the Persians , on the contrary , all night split with arms and felt tired . Persians waited for the attack , but Alexander turn ed his army to the right, towards the south. then Darius gave orders to his army to attack . When acting this maneuver a gap front - center and left flank, which was quickly alter by the armies of Alexander , drove to the center - to Darius . If Darius was at that time headed the attack, he doubtlessly would have won the battle. But he as well as once at Issa met with Alexander , and , fearing death, fled . Alexander tried , but could not catch up with Darius. After the mastery at the Battle of Gaugamela, Alexander entitle king of Asia . straight his empire attracted centers - fantabulous Babylon and Susa in the first place - the main residence of the Achaemenid and the treasury . In Babylon , Alexander entered as victor of his chariot . In Susa , he held a symbolic ceremony - sat on the throne of the Achaemenids . But there was still alive the last Achaemenid - Darius . Alexander was in a hie . He walked without stopping , but when reached the target, the enemy was kille d by his own former associates . Reaching Darius , or quite a his corpse , Alexander took his cloak and flung it over the dead , cover him . Here is revealed the exorbitance of the whole endeavor conceived king . close cloak symbolized nil more and nothing less than an attempt to eliminate the unremitting confrontation between East and westbound .\n\nWith the death of Darius Alexander policy was aimed at awakening the several(a) forces of the East, as it was necessary to create a future empire . In court rite began to cluck eastern elements . Alexander began to wear Persian clothes and brought the Persians in the palace guard . He tried to enter his entourage proskinezu , ie adopted in Persia ritual genuflection before the lord followed by a kiss. But the proud Greeks and Macedonians , who saw the king only first among equals , did not take this abase ritual for them and the idea of ​​the introduction of Alexander prskinezy failed. But disdain this , the i mpression produced by the king of his contemporaries, was huge. authentic there were disgruntle Alexander , for warning , five squires conspired to kill the king. Boys decided to take his life in a dream , but Alexander saved extensive feast. Then the pages blabbed , were captured and penalise .\n\nAfter complemental a serial of activities whose purpose was to break the spiritual resistance, which grew in the Macedonian and Greek environment , Alexander ventured into new conquests . This time his target was India . In the summer of 327 BC began his Indian campaign . After conquering the border provinces and fortresses Aorn spring 326 BC Alexander was preparing to cross the Indus . There began Wonderland . In northern Punjab subordinate king had three great Rajas . One of them - Por Alexander refused to obey . Then dared to act, which after Gaugamela not dare anyone: he went on the field of battle against the enemy who knew no defeats . secure on the banks of Hydaspes , without giving Alexander to cross the river . But the king crossed with part of his troops in place, hidden from the look of the enemy rain forest and river island. Alexander first met sawbuck and chariots , commanded by the son s time . After defeating them, the king moved on and met his superior in strength in numbers is time . Alexander won this battle, not even all deploying battle orders , but only by the cavalry and gipaspistov . The victory was achieved thank to the purposeful use of cavalry and gipaspistov join the fight at the right time . It was the most brilliant battle ever occurred in history.\n\nNow the main goal was to open a shipping Alexander on the Indus . For this it was necessary to subdue contrasted malliytsev and oksidrakov . To break these most hardened Indian warriors took a brilliant martial art. When you fight with them , namely in the storming of a town , Alexander some lost his life . King of one of the first over the wall and ended up with three of his soldiers surrounded . Alexander was wounded in the lung, but continued to fight until he fainted from loss of blood. Having conquered malliytsev and oksidrakov , ended river expedition Alexander down the Indus . In the summer of 325 BC completed a campaign in India.\n\nThereafter, until his death the king did not root for more military campaigns , spending his time in the focusing of the empire , which he began to possess . Alexander gave a lot of time feasts that a great deal erupts into drinking. Once, after reversive from the feast arranged by his friend Niarchos , Alexander felt not only fatigue, but also heat . Then came the attack, high pyrexia and utter failing , so feature of speech of malaria. Short bouts between attacks pointed to the fact that the king was ill most severe form of malaria (malaria tropica). Every day in the house of the patient became quieter. hold was gone. 28 desiya evening (around June 13), Alexander died .